Současná Evropa 2011, 2011(2):21-45

Ålandské ostrovy a ich postavenie v Európskej únii

Lenka Ďaďová, Petr Kaniok

Predložená jednoprípadová štúdia sa zaoberá zapojením Ålandských ostrovov do Európskej únie (EÚ), a to v kontexte ich postavenia ako autonómneho územia Fínska. Autori najskôr popisujú a vysvetľujú špecifiká definujúce postavenie ostrovov. Následne je analyzovaný prístupový proces, rovnako ako hlavné problémy zapojenia Ålandských ostrovov do EÚ a súčasná situácia ostrovov v EÚ. Text v závere hodnotí, ako sa Ålandským ostrovom podarilo využiť svoje postavenie autonómneho územia Fínska v otázkach spojených s členstvom v EÚ.

Keywords: Ålandské ostrovy, Fínsko, žuvací tabak, autonómia, rozšírenie EÚ 1995

Åland Islands and Their Status within the European Union

This one case study deals with the topic of accession of the Åland Islands - autonomous part of the Republic of Finland - to the European Union (EU). The authors describe and explain specific conditions defining specifics of the Islands. Subsequently follows analysis of the accession process, main issues connected with the membership as well as current situation of the Islands in the EU. The text then proceeds to the evaluation of how the Åland Islands have managed to use privileges linked to their autonomous status in Finland in issues related to EU membership.

Keywords: The Åland Islands, Finland, chewing tobacco, autonomy, EU enlargement 1995

Published: December 1, 2011  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Ďaďová, L., & Kaniok, P. (2011). Åland Islands and Their Status within the European Union. Contemporary Europe, 2011(2), 21-45
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Kingdom of Norway, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the European Union is founded, 1994.
    2. Åland Islands Peace Institute: The Åland Example. Marienhamn 2010, [on-line]. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.peace.aland.fi/en/information-a-visits/the-aland-example>.
    3. Ålands kulturstiftelse: Finland's request and EU common position on Åland accession of Finland to the European Union. International Treaties and Documents Concerning Åland Islands 1994, [on-line]. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.kultur.ax/kulturstiftelsen/traktater/eng_fr/ram_right-enfr.htm>.
    4. Ålands landkapsregering: Ålands ställning i lagberedningenoch i EU-ärenden. 2010.
    5. Ålands landkapsregering and Ålands lagting: Act on the Autonomy of Åland [1991/1144]. 2004.
    6. Ålands landkapsregering and Ålands lagting: Åland in Brief. 2008, [online]. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.aland.ax/.composer/upload/alandinbrief08.pdf>.
    7. Ålands landkapsregering and Ålands lagting: Ahvenanmaan itsehallintolaki 16. 8. 1991/1144, 2009.
    8. CALRE: History. 2009, [on-line]. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.calrenet.eu/history.aspx.
    9. Directive 2001/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council: On the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products, 2001.
    10. Directorate-General for Communication: Annual Report of the Europe Direct Information Centres, Europe Direct Network, European Commision 2008, [on-line]. Dostupné z WWW: <http://europa.eu/europedirect/pdf/2008/2008_annual_report_en.pdf>.
    11. European Commission: Clear VAT and excise rules for sales to intra-EU travellers after abolition of duty-free sales. Press Release, Brussels 1998, [on-line]. Dostupné z WWW: <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/98/858&format=HTML&aged=1〈uage=EN&guiLanguage=en>.
    12. European Economic Area Agreement. 1992, [on-line]. Dostupné z WWW: <http://ec.europa.eu/world/agreements/downloadFile.do?fullText=yes&treatyTransId=448>.
    13. European Union: Purchasing property in another Member State, 2007a, [on-line]. Dostupné z WWW: <http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_capital/l24404_en.htm>.
    14. European Union: Commission refers Finland to the European Court of Justice a second time over tobacco for oral use. Press Release, Brussels 2007b. Dostupné z WWW: <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1592&format=HTML&aged=0〈uage=EN>.
    15. League of Nations: Decision of the Council of the League of Nations on the Åland Islands including Sweden's Protest. League of Nations Official Journal 1921. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.kultur.ax/kulturstiftelsen/traktater/eng_fr/1921a_en.htm>.
    16. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland: Finland ratifies the Treaty of Lisbon. Press Release, Finnish Government 2008. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/ajankohtaista/tiedotteet/tiedote/en.jsp?oid=238119>.
    17. Ministry of Justice of Finland: The Constitution of Finland, 1999. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kaannokset/1999/en19990731. pdf>.
    18. Protocol No 2 - on the Åland islands, Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Kingdom of Norway, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the European Union is founded. 1994.
    19. RegLeg: About RegLeg. 2010. Dostupné z WWW: <http://regleg.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=2&Itemid=2>.
    20. Smlouva o Evropské unii ve znění Lisabonské smlouvy. 2010.
    21. Treaty on the European Union. 1992. Sekundárne zdroje
    22. ALIONTTINEN, P., RUA, S.: Lisbon Treaty Ratification: Will the Åland Islands become Finland's Greenland? EPIN Commentary 2008. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.ceps.eu/files/book/1775.pdf>.
    23. ANDERSSON, Ch.: Finnish Island Wants to Leave EU. The Brussels Journal [online], 2006. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/791>.
    24. ANDERSSON, H., HERBERTS, K.: The Case of the Swedish-Speaking Finns. International Review of Education, Vol. 42, No. 4, 1996, str. 384-388. Go to original source...
    25. ÅKERMARK, S. S.: Reflections on the core elements of the autonomy of the Åland Islands as a minority protection device. Åland Islands Peace Institute, Marienhamn 2007. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.peace.aland.fi/images/stories/pdf/spiliopoulou121007.pdf>.
    26. BALDACHINO, G.: Small Islands versus Big Cities: Lessons in the Political Economy of Regional Development from the World's Small Islands. Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 31, 2006, str. 91-100. Go to original source...
    27. BELIEN, P. Åland vs EU: David Confronts Goliath. The Brussels Journal [online], 2006. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.brusselsjournal.com/ node/821>.
    28. BERGLUND, S.: Prison or Voluntary Cooperation. The Possibility of Withdrawal from the European Union. Scandinavian Political Studies, Vol. 29, Issue 2, 2006, str. 147-167. Go to original source...
    29. DOWLING, S.: Snuffing Out EU Hopes - Tiny Åland Islands Threaten to Reject Lisbon Treaty. Spiegel [online], 2008. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,541281,00.html>.
    30. EKMAN, M.: The right to be small and different - On self-governing Åland and the EU. Åland Islands Peace Institute, Marienhamn 2006. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.peace.aland.fi/images/stories/pdf/Aland-EU.pdf>.
    31. ERIKSSON, S.: The example of Åland: autonomy as a minority protector. Åland Parliament [online], 2007. Dostupné z WWW: <http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=160122&contentlan=2&culture=en-US>.
    32. EurActiv: Introduction - Enlargement. EurActiv [online], 2005a. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/introductionenlargement/article-129588>.
    33. EurActiv: Financial Perspective 2007-2013. EurActiv [online], 2005b. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.euractiv.com/en/future-eu/financialperspective-2007-2013/article-130497>.
    34. EurActiv: Åland Islands could reject the Lisbon Treaty. EurActiv [online], 2008. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.euractiv.com/en/future-eu/alandislands-reject-lisbon-treaty/article-174754>.
    35. FAGERLUND, N.: The Special Status of the Åland Islands. In: HANNIKAINEN, L.- HORN, F. (eds.): Autonomy and Demilitarisation in International Law: The Åland Islands in a Changing Europe. Kluwer Law International 1997.
    36. FIALA, P. - PITROVÁ, M. (eds.): Rozšiřování ES/EU. Mezinárodní politologický ústav, 2003.
    37. FIALA, P. - PITROVÁ, M. (eds.): Evropská referenda. Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury. 2005.
    38. Finnish Customs: The customs territory and the fiscal territory of the EU, 2010. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.tulli.fi/en/businesses/customs_and_fiscal_territories/index.jsp>.
    39. GERRING, J.: Single-Outcome Studies: A Methodological Primer. International Sociology, Vol. 21, No. 5, 2006, str. 707-734. Go to original source...
    40. HANNUM, H. - LILLICH, R. B.: The Concept of Autonomy in International Law. The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 74, No. 4, 1980, str. 858-889. Go to original source...
    41. KARLSSON, T.: A tax paradise in the making? Alcohol regulations in the Åland Islands, Contemporary Drug Problems, 1999, Vol. 26, Issue 1. Go to original source...
    42. KINNUNEN, J.: Migration, Imperfect Competition and Structural Adjustment (Essay on the Economy of the Åland Islands). Helsinki School of Economics [online], 2005. Dostupné z WWW: <http://hsepubl.lib.hse.fi/pdf/diss/a258.pdf>.
    43. KIRK, L.: Finnish Islands cause headache for EU treaty approval. EU Observer [online], 2008. Dostupné z WWW: <http://euobserver.com/9/26601>.
    44. LAURENCE, P.: Islands give Finns treaty problem. BBC News [online], 2008. Dostupné z WWW: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7582077. stm>.
    45. LOUGHLIN, J. - DAFTARY, F.: Insular Regions and European Integration: Corsica and the Åland Islands Compared. Helsinki and Marienhamn 1998, European Centre for Minority Issues 1999. Dostupné z WWW: www. ecmi.de/download/report_5.pdf>.
    46. MCELROY, J. L. - MAHONEY, M.: The Propensity for Political Dependence in Island Microstates. International Journal of Island Affairs Vol. 9, Issue 1, 1999, str. 32-35.
    47. PADELFORD, N. J. - ANDERSSON, G. A.: The Aaland Islands QuestionThe American Journal of International Law, Vol. 33, 1939, No. 3, str. 465-487. Go to original source...
    48. PEKKARINEN, J.: Åland - To Finland or to Sweden? Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland [online], 2008. Dostupné z WWW:<<http://formin.finland.fi/Public/Print.aspx?contentid=124244&nodeid=15642&culture=enUS&contentlan=2>.
    49. RENNIE, D.: Tiny island that's ready to stop Europe in its tracks. Telegraph [online], 2006. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/finland/1510554/Tiny-island-thats-ready-tostop-Europe-in-its-tracks.html>.
    50. ROTKIRCH, H.: The Demilitarization and Neutralization of the Åland Islands: A Regime 'in European Interests' Withstanding Changing Circumstances. Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 23, 1986, No. 4, str. 357-376. Go to original source...
    51. RUOKOLA, K.: The Åland Islands to also decide on the EU reform agreement. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland [online], 2007. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.finland.eu/public/default.aspx?contentid=103350&nodeid=35743&contentlan=2&culture=en-US>.
    52. SCHYMIK, C.: Greenland on the Way to Independence? Grounds for an Enhanced EU-Greenland Partnership, SWP Comments, German Institute for International and Security Affairs [online], 2009. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.swp-berlin.org/en/common/get_document.php?asset_ id=6264>.
    53. SILVERSTRÖM, S.: Åland in the European Union. Europe Information, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki, 2005. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.eurooppa-tiedotus.fi/public/download.aspx?ID=21876&GUID=%7b8AF46DE8-EB14-4084-9A79-344A770F84D6%7d>.
    54. SILVERSTRÖM, S.: Implementation of the EU legislation in the Åland Islands. In: Åkermark, S. S. (eds.): Constitution, Autonomies and the EU. Report from the Åland Islands Peace Institute, Marienhamn, 2008. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.peace.aland.fi/images/stories/pdf/autonomiwebb.pdf>.
    55. STANBRIDGE K.: Master frames, political opportunities and self-determination: The Åland Islands in the Post-WWI Period. Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 43, 2002, Issue 4. Go to original source...
    56. STEPHAN, S.: Regional voices in the European Union - regions with legislative power and multi-level governance. Perspectives for the Åland Islands, Report from the Åland Islands Peace Institute, Marienhamn, 2010. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.peace.aland.fi/images/stories/pdf/Rapport_1-2010_webb.pdf>.
    57. SUKSI, M.: The Entrenchment of Autonomy. In: SUKSI, Markku (eds.): Autonomy: Applications and Implications. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1998, str. 166-168.
    58. SYCHRA, Z.: Finsko. In: Fiala, P. - Pitrová, M. (eds.): Evropská referenda. Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury. 2005.
    59. The Swedish Wire. Baltic Island of Åland to vote on the Lisbon Treaty, Helsinki 2009a. Dostupné z WWW: <http://www.swedishwire.com/nordic/1061-baltic-island-of-aland-to-vote-on-the-lisbon-treaty>.
    60. TIILIKAINEN, T.: Åland in European security policy. In: BAILES A. J. K. - HEROLF, G. -SUNDELIUS, B. (eds.): The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy. Oxford University Press, 2006.
    61. VESA, U.: The Åland Islands as a conflict resolution model. Tampere Peace Research Institute [online]. 2008. Dostupné z WWW: <http://soc.kuleuven.be/iieb/ipraweb/papers/The%20Aland%20Islands%20as%20a%20Conflict%20Resolution%20Model.pdf>. Internetové zdroje ověřeny k 22. 3. 2011

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content